Potential biological control agents for the control of vector mosquitoes:  A review

Anjali RAWANI

doi:10.55779/nsb15111325

Authors

Anjali RAWANI University of Gour Banga, Malda, Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Vector Biology, and Nanotechnology, West Bengal (IN)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb15111325

Keywords:

aquatic predators, biological control, botanical pesticides, larvivorous fishes, microbial agents, vector mosquitoes

Abstract

Mosquitoes are a major cause of lethal vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis, among other diseases. In a developing country like India, mosquito-borne diseases are significant threats to familiar people as in certain places, there remains low sanitation. Larval and pupal life stages of mosquitoes are mostly confined to tropical and temperate waterbodies and often form a significant proportion of biomass waterbodies. Due to rebound vectorial capacity, resistance to chemical insecticides, and harmful environmental effects, the vector control program has shifted to using biological control agents. These methods are target-specific, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and can be easily deployed. So, the present review is focused on collating and updating the information on the use of aquatic predators, bacterial strains such as Bacillus sp. and actinobacterial, algae, and fungi, which are widely used for control of adult mosquitoes in their variety of natural habitats. This review also covers the predation of larvivorous fish and botanical insecticides.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Aditya G, Pramanik MK, Saha GK (2006). Larval habitats and species composition of mosquitoes in Darjeeling Himalayas, India. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 43(1):7-15.

Agarwala SP, Sagar SK, Sehgal SS (1999). Use of mycelial suspension and metabolites of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) in control of Aedes aegypti larvae. Journal of Communal Disease 31:193-196.

Al-Doghairi M, El-Nadi A, El hag E, Al-Ayedh H (2004). Effect of Solenostemma argel on oviposition, egg hatchability and viability of Culex pipiens L. larvae. Phytotherapy Research 18:335-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1432

Ambrose T, Mani T, Vincent S, Cyril L, Kumar A, Mathews KT (1993). Biocontrol efficacy of Gerris spinolae, Laccotrephes griseus and Gambusia affinis on larval mosquitoes. Indian Journal of Malariology 30:187-92.

Anees AM (2008). Larvicidal activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Labiatae) against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Parasitology Research 101:1451-1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0991-7

Antonio GE, Sanchez D, Williams T, Marina C (2009). Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Pest Management Science 65:323-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1683

Ataur-Rahim M (1981). Observations on Aphanius dispar (Ruppell, 1828), a mosquito larvivorous fish in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasite 75:359-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1981.11687451

Ayesa P, Harrington LC, Scott JG (2006). Evaluation of novel insecticides for control of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 43:55-60. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0055:EONIFC]2.0.CO;2

Badran RAM, Aly MZY (1995). Studies on the mycotic inhabitants of Culex pipiens collected from fresh water ponds in Egypt. Mycopathologia 132:105-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103782

Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Rahuman A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Pandiyan G (2009). Evaluation of larvicidal and nymphicidal potential of plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Aphis gossypii Glover. Parasitology Research 104:1109-1117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1295-7

Bahgat IM, El Kady GA, Temerak SA, Lysandrou M (2007). The natural bio-insecticide spinosad and its toxicity to combat some mosquito species in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. World Journal of Agricultural Science 3:396-400. https://doi.org/10.2987/09-5936.1

Balakrishnan S, Indira K, Srinivasan M (2015). Mosquitocidal properties of Bacillus species isolated from mangroves of Vellar estuary, Southeast coast of India. Journal of Parasitic Disease 39(3):385-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0371-9

Baldacchino F, Bruno MC, Visentin P, Blondel K, Arnoldi D, Hauffe HC, Rizzoli A (2017). Predation efficiency of copepods against the new invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Italy. The European Zoological Journal 84:43-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2016.1271028

Ballard EM, Knapp FW (1984). Occurrence of the fungus Verticillium lecanii on a new host species: Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 21:6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/21.6.751

Barik M, Bhattacharjee I, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2018). Larvivorous potentiality of Puntius tetrazona and Hyphessobrycon rosaceus against Culex vishnui subgroup in laboratory and field-based bioassay. BMC Research Notes 11(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3902-8

Barik M, Rawani A, Laskar S, Chandra G (2018). Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal activity of fruit extracts of Acacia auriculiformis against the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex vishnui. Natural Product Research 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1428585

Bay EC (1974). Predatory-prey relationships among aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology 19:441-453. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.002301

Beatty ME, Leston W, Edgil DM (2007). Estimating the total world population at risk for locally acquired dengue infection. Proceedings of 56th Annual Meeting of American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Philadelphia, Pennysylvania, USA, pp 4-8.

Bisht GS, Joshi C, Khulbe RD (1996). Watermolds: Potential biological control agents of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies. Current Science 70:393-395.

Bond JG, Marina CF, Williams T (2004). The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is highly toxic to Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae. Medical Veterinary Entomology 18:50-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.0480.x

Bravo A, Gill SS, Soberón M (2007). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon 49(4):423-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.022

Breaud TP, Crabbe JR, Majori G (1980). The isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from a natural population of Aedes detritus in Italy. Mosquito News 40:654.

Brian A (2009). Federici. In: Resh V, Cardee R (Eds). Encyclopedia of Insects. Second Edition.

Brown MD, Kay BH, Hendrikz JK (1991). Evaluation of Australian Mesocyclops (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) for mosquito control. Journal of Medical Entomology 28(5):618-623. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/28.5.618

Bukhari T, Takken W, Koenraadt CJ (2011). Development of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana formulations control of malaria mosquito larvae. Parasites and Vectors 4(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-23

Butt TM, Greenfield BP, Greig C, Maffeis TG, Taylor JW, Piasecka J, Quesada-Moraga E (2013). Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenesis of mosquito larvae: a verdict of accidental death. PLoS One 8(12):e81686. https;//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081686

Cetin H, Yanikoglu AA (2006). Study of the larvicidal activity of Origanum (Labiatae) species from southwest Turkey. Journal of Vector Ecology 31(1):118-122. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2006)31[118:asotla]2.0.co;2

Cetin HA, Yanikoglu A, Cilek JE (2005). Evaluation of the naturally-derived insecticide spinosad against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in septic tank water in Antalya, Turkey. Journal of Vector Ecology 30:151-154.

Chaithong U, Choocate W, Kamsuk K, Jitpakdi A, Tippawangkosol P, Chaiyasit D, … Pitasawat B (2006). Larvicidal effect of pepper plants on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology 31:138-144. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2006)31[138:leoppo]2.0.co;2

Chandra G, Bhattacharjee I, Chatterjee SN (2008a). Mosquito control by larvivorous fish. Indian Journal of Medical Research 127:1327.

Chandra G, Mandal S, Ghosh A, Das D, Banerjee S, Chakraborty S (2008b). Biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by Acilius sulcatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). BMC Infectious Diseases 8:138. https://doi.org.10.1186/1471-2334-8-138

Chatterjee SN, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2007). Eco-friendly control of mosquito larvae by Brachytron pratense nymph. Journal of Environmental Health 69(8):44-49.

Chatterjee SN, Das S, Chandra G (1997). Gold fish (Carrasius auratus) as a strong larval predator of mosquito. Trans Zool Soc India 1:112-114.

Chowdhury N, Laskar S, Chandra G (2008a). Mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of protein of Solanum villosum leaves. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine 8:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-62

Chowdhury N, Ghosh P, Chandra G (2008b). Mosquito larvicidal activities of Solanum villosum berry extract against the dengue vector Stegomyia aegypti. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine 8:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-10

Chowdhury N, Chatterjee SK, Laskar S and Chandra G (2009). Larvicidal activity of Solanum villosum Mill (Solanaceae: Solanales) leaves to Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae) with effect on non-target Chironomus circumdatus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae). BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine 82:13-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-008-0213-1

Chesson J (1989). The effect of alternative prey on the functional response of Notonecta hoffmani. Ecology 70(5):1227-1235. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938180

Chatterjee SN, Chandra G (1996). Laboratory trials on the feeding pattern of Anopheles subpictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subalbatus by Xenentodon cancila fry. Environmental Ecology 14:173-174.

Choochate W, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A, Taesotikul T, Jitpakdi A, Chaithong U (1999). Larvicidal, adulticital and repellent effects of Kaempferia galangal. South East Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 30:470-476.

Choochote W, Tuetun B, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, … Pitasawat B (2004). Potential of crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology 29:340-346.

Choochate W, Chaiyasit D, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Jitpakdi A, Tuetun B, Pitasawat B (2005). Chemical composition and anti-mosquito potential of rhizome extract and volatile oil derived from Curcuma aromatica against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of Vector Ecology 30:302-309.

Clark TB, Kellen WR, Lindegren JE and Sanders RD (1966). Pythium sp. (Phycomycetes: Pythiales) pathogenic to mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 8:351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(66)90049-8

Clark TB, Kellen WR, Fukuda T, Lindegren JE (1968). Field and laboratory studies on the pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to three genera of mosquitoes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(68)90047-5

Coggeshall L (1926). Relationship of plankton to anopheline larvae. American Journal of Hygiene 10:45-50.

Collins FH, Washino RK (1985). Insect predators. In: Chapman HC (Ed). Biological Control of Mosquitoes. Bulletin of the American Mosquito Control Association 6:25-42.

Cordoba AA, Lee M (1995). Prey size selection by Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius) larvae (Odonata: Libellulidae) over mosquito instar. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 91:23-30.

Cooper R, Sweeney AW (1982). The comparative activity of the Australian and United States strains of Culicinomyces clavosporus bioassayed in mosquito larvae of three different genera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40:383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90177-X

Couch JN, Romney SV, Rao B (1974). A new fungus which attacks mosquitoes and related diptera. Mycologia 66:374-379.

Cuebas-Incle EL (1992). Infection of adult mosquitoes by the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia conica (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 8:367-371.

Cuthbert RN, Dalu T, Wasserman RJ, Callaghan A, Weyl OL, Dick JT (2018). Calanoid copepods: an overlooked tool in the control of disease vector mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology 55(6):1656-1658. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy132

Daoust RA, Ward MG and Roberts DW (1982). Effect of formulation on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia against mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40:228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90120-3

Darriet F, Hougard J (2002). An isolate of Bacillus circulans toxic to mosquito larvae. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 18:65-67.

Darriet F, Duchon S, Hougard JM (2005). Spinosad: a new larvicide against insecticide-resistant mosquito larvae. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 21:495-496. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)21[495:SANLAI]2.0.CO;2

Darriet F, Corbel V (2006). Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxyfen and spinosad, alone and in combination, against Aedes aegypti larvae. Journal of Medical Entomology 43:1190-1194. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.6.1190.

Das K, Mukherjee AK (2006). Assessment of mosquito larvicidal potency of cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis strains. Acta Tropica 97(2):168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.10.002.

Das NG, Goswami D, Rabha B (2007). Preliminary evaluation of mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 44:145-148.

Das D, Chatterjee S, Dangar TK (2016). Characterization and mosquitocidal potential of the soil bacteria Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus isolated from Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 86(3):707-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0510-4

Das D, Banerjee S, Roy AS, Chatterjee S, Chandra G (2017). Characterization of a strain of Bacillus sphaericus isolated from local rice field and its virulence against mosquito larvae, Molecular Entomology 8(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.5376/me.2017.08.0002

de Barjac H, Sebald M, Charles JF, Cheong WH, Lee HH (1990). Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia, une nouvelle bactérie anaérobie pathogène des larves de moustiques et de simulies. CR Academy of Sciences Paris 310:383-387.

de Oliveira EJ, Rabinovitch L, Monnerat RG, Passos LK, Zahner V (2004). Molecular characterization of Brevibacillus laterosporus and its potential use in biological control. Applied Environment and Microbiology 70(11):6657-6664. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.11.6657-6664.2004

Digma JR, Sumalde AC, Salibay CC (2019). Laboratory evaluation of predation of Toxorhynchites amboinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) on three mosquito vectors of arboviruses in the Philippines. Biological Control 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104009.

Dhillon MS, Mulla MS (1981). Biological activity of the green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea against the immature mosquitoes. Mosquito News 41:368-372.

Dhillon MS, Mulla MS, Hwang Y (1982). Biocidal activity of algal toxins against immature mosquitoes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 8:557-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987803

Duguma D, Ortiz SL, Lin Y, Wilson PC, Walton WE (2017). Effects of a larval mosquito biopesticide and Culex larvae on a freshwater nanophytoplankton (Selenastrum capricornatum) under axenic conditions. Journal of Vector Ecology 42(1):51-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12239

Dumas JL, Papierok B (1989). Virulence de l’entomophthorale Zoophthora radicans (Zygomycetes) à l’égard des adultes de Aedes aegypti (Dipt.: Culicidae). Entomophaga 34:321-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372471

Ellis RA, Borden JH (1970). Predation by Notonecta undulata on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito. Annals of Entomological Society of America 63:963-978.

EL Rayah E (1975). Dragonfly nymphs as active predators of mosquito larvae. Mosquito News 35:229-230.

Fischer S, Pereyra D. Fernández L (2012). Predation ability and non-consumptive effects of Notonecta sellata (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) on immature stages of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology 37(1):245-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00223.x

Frances SP (1986). Record of the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus Couch, Romney and Rao infecting larvae of Culiseta inconspicua Lee (Diptera: Culicidae) in Victoria. Journal of Australian Society 25:60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1986.tb01070.x

Frances SP, Sweeney AW, Humber RA (1989). Crypticola clavulifera gen. et sp. nov. and Coelomomyces giganteum: Oomycetes pathogenic for Dipterans infesting leaf axils in an Australian rain forest. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 54:103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(89)90146-8.

Federici BA, Roberts DW (1975). Experimental laboratory infection of mosquito larvae with fungi of the genus Coelomomyces.1. Experiments with Coelomomyces psorophorae var.in Aedes taeniorhynchus and Coelomomyces psorophorae var.in Culiseta inornata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26:21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(75)90164-0

Fletcher M, Teklehaimanot A, Yemane G (1992). Control of mosquito larvae in the port city of Assab by an indigenous larvivorous fish, Aphanius dispar. Acta Tropica 52:155‐166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(92)90032-s

Focks DA, Sackett SR, Bailey DL (1982). Field experiments on the control of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus by Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 19:336-339. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.3.336.

Fukuda T, Willis O, Barnard DR (1997). Parasites of the Asian tiger mosquito and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in northcentral Florida. Journal of Medical Entomology 34:226-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.2.226.

García JJ, Campos RE, Maciá A (1994). Prospección de enemigos naturales de Culicidae (Diptera) de la selva marginal de Punta Lara (Prov. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina). Revista Academia Colombiana Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 19:209-215.

Geetha I, Aruna R, Manonmani AM (2014). Mosquitocidal Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: dynamics of growth & production of novel pupicidal biosurfactant. Indian Journal of Medical Research 40(3):427-434.

Gerberg EJ, Visser WM (1978). Preliminary field trial for the biological control of Aedes aegypti by means of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, a predatory mosquito larva. Mosquito News 38:197- 200.

Gerhardt RW (1953). Blue-green algae –a possible antimosquito measure for rice fields. Proceedings of California Mosquito Associaton 22:50-53.

Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee I and Chandra G ((2006). Biocontrol efficacy by Oreochromis niloticus niloticus. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 17:114-116.

Ghosh A, Chandra G (2006). Biocontrol efficacy of Cestrum diurnum L. (Solanaceae: Solanales) against the larval forms of Anopheles stephensi. Natural Product Research 20:371-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410600661575.

Ghosh A, Chandra G (2011). Functional responses of Laccotrephes griseus (Hemiptera: Nepidae) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory bioassay. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 48(2):72-77.

Ghosh A, Chandra G (2017). Functional response and density dependent feeding interaction of Oreochromis niloticus against immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 54(4):366. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.225843

Gibbons RV, Vaughn DW (2002). Dengue: an escalating problem. British Medical Journal 324:1563-1566. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1563

Goettel MS (1987a). Field incidence of mosquito pathogens and parasites in central Alberta. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 3:231-238.

Goettel MS (1987b). Preliminary field trials with the entomopathogenic hypmycete Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in Central Alberta. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 3:239-245.

Goettel MS (1988). Pathogenesis of the Hyphomycete Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 51:259-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(88)90033-X

Golkar L, LeBrun RA, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Papierok B, Brey PT (1993). Variation of larval susceptibility to Coelomomyces giganteum in three mosquito species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 62:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1993.1066

Griffin G (1956). An investigation of Anabaena unispora Gardner and other cyanobacteria as a possible mosquito factor in Salt Lake County, Utah. MSc thesis, Dept. Zoology, University Utah.

Guedes EAC, Carvalho CM, Ribeiro Junio KAL, Ribeiro TFL, Barros LD, de Lima MRF, Moura FBP, Sant’Ana AEG (2014). Larvicidal Activity against Aedes aegypti and Molluscicidal Activity against Biomphalaria glabrata of Brazilian Marine Algae. Journal of Parasite Research 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/501328

Guha-Sapir D, Schimmer B (2005). Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology. Emerging Themes of Epidemiology 2(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-2-1

Haq S, Srivastava HC (2013). Efficacy of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell) an indigenous larvivorous fish for vector control in domestic tanks under the Sardar Sarovar Narmada project command area in District Kheda, Gujarat. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 50(2):137‐140.

Hertlein MB, Mavrotas C, Jousseaume C, Lysandrou M, Thompson GD, Jany Wl (2010). A review of spinosad as a natural product for larval mosquito control. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 26:67-87. https://doi.org/10.2987/09-5936.1

Hribar LJ, Mullen GR (1991). Predation by Bezzia larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomological News 102:183-186.

Honório NA, de Barros FSM, Tsouris P, Rosa-Freitas MG (2007). Occurrence of Toxorhynchites guadeloupensis (Dyar & Knab) in oviposition trap of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Neotropical Entomology 36(5):809-811. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2007000500025.

Howard AF, Zhou G, Omlin FX (2007). Malaria mosquito control using edible fish in western Kenya: preliminary findings of a controlled study. BMC Public Health 7(199):1‐6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-199

Husan S, Vago C (1972). The pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum to mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 19:268-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(72)90155-3

Imbahale SS, Mweresa CK, Takken W, Mukabana WR (2011). Development of environmental tools for anopheline larval control. Parasites and Vectors 4:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-130

Ingram WM, Prescott G (1954). Toxic fresh-water algae. American Midland Naturalist 75-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2422044.

Jang YS, Baek BR, Yang YC, Kim MK, Lee HS (2002). Larvicidal activity of leguminous seeds and grains against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 18:210-213.

Jang YS, Jeon JH, Lee HS (2005). Mosquito larvicidal activity of active constituent derived from Chamaecyparis obtuse leaves against 3 mosquito species. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 21:400-403. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)21[400:MLAOAC]2.0.CO;2

Jenkins DW (1964). Pathogens, Parasites and Predators of Medically Important Arthropods. Annotated List and Bibliography. Bulletin of World Health Organization 30:1-150.

Jiang Y, Mulla MS (2009). Laboratory and field evaluations of spinosad, a biorational natural product, against larvae of Culex mosquitoes. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 25:456-466. https://doi.org/10.2987/Moco-09-5925.1

Kabaru J, Gichia L (2009). Insecticidal activity of extracts derived from different parts of the mangrove tree Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae) Lam. against three arthropods. African Journal of Science and Technology 2(2):44-49. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajst.v2i2.44668

Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA (2010). Larvicidal and adulticidal potential of medicinal plant extracts from south India against vectors. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3:948-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60006-0

Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Abduz Zahir A, Elango G, Kandan P (2010). Larvicidal efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatu (Diptera: Culicidae) Tropical Biomedicine 27:211-219.

Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajkumar G, Mariamuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA. (2011). Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Indian Journal of Medical Research 134(1):101-116.

Karmegan N, Sakthivadivel M, Anuradha V, Daniel T (1997). Indigenous plant extracts as larvicidal agents against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Bioresource Technology 5:137-140.

Kassir JT, Mohsen ZH, Mehdi NS (1989). Toxic effects of limonene against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae and its interference with oviposition. Journal of Pest Science 62:19-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01905742

Kaushik R, Saini P (2008). Larvicidal activity of leaf extract of Millingtonia hortensis (Family: Bignoniaceae) against Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 45:66-69.

Kay B, Nam V, Tien T, Yen N, Phong T, Diep VT, ... Aaskov J (2002). Vietnam. Control of Aedes vectors of Dengue in three provinces of Vietnam by use of Mesocyclops (Copepoda) and community-based methods validated by entomologic, clinical, and serological surveillance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66:40-48. https://doi.org.10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.40

Kerwin JL, Dritz DA, Washino RK (1994). Pilot scale production and application in wildlife ponds of Coelomomyces giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 10:451-455.

Khatune NA, Md. Haque E and Md. Mosaddik A (2001). Laboratory evaluation of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. flower extract and its isolated compound against common filarial Vector, Cufex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: culicidae) Larvae. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 4:585-587. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.585.587

Khyami-Horani H, Katbeh-Bader A, Mohsen ZH (1999). Isolation of endospore forming bacilli toxic to Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jordan. Letter of Application Microbiology 128:57-60. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00469.x

Kim HC, Kim MS, Yu HS (1994). Biological control of vector mosquitoes by the use of fish predators, Moroco oxycephalus and Misgurnus anguillicandatus in the laboratory and semi field rice paddy. Korean Journal of Entomology 24:269-284.

Kim HC, Lee JH, Yang KH, Yu HS (2002). Biological control of Anopheles sinensis with native fish predators (Aplocheilus and Aphyocypris) and herbivorous fish Tilapia in natural rice fields in Korean Journal of Entomology 32(4):247‐250. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2002.tb00037.x.

Kramer JP (1964). Parasites in laboratory colonies mosquitoes. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 31:475-478.

Kramer JP (1982). Entomophthora culicis (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae). Aquatic Insects 4:73-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428209361085.

Krishnan K, Senthilkumar A, Chandrasekaran M and Venkatesalu V (2007). Differential larvicidal efficacy of four species of Vitex against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Parasitology Research 10:1721-1723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0714-5

Kondrachine AV (1992). Malaria in WHO Southeast Asia region. Indian Journal of Malarial Research 29:129-160.

Koenraadt CJM, Takken W (2003). Cannibalism and predation among larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Medical Veterinary Entomology 17:61-66. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00409.x

Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard D (2012). Efficacy of larvicidal and pupicidal properties of Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Biopesticides 5:170-176.

Kumar A, Sharma VP, Sumodan PK, Thavaselvam D (1998). Field trials of biolarvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis strain 164 and the larvivorous fish Aplocheilus blocki against Anopheles stephensi for malaria control in Goa, India. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 4: 457-462.

Kusumawathie PHD, Wickremasinghe AR, Karunaweera ND, Wijeyaratne MJS (2008a). Larvivorous potential of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in anopheline mosquito control in riverbed pools below the Kotmale dam, Sri Lanka. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Public Health 20(1):56‐63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539507308507

Kusumawathie PHD, Wickremasinghe AR, Karunaweera ND, Wijeyaratne MJS (2008b). Costs and effectiveness of application of Poecilia reticulata (guppy) and temephos in anopheline mosquito control in river basins below the major dams of Sri Lanka. Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medical Hygiene 102(7):705‐711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.03.013

Laird M (1967). A coral island experiment: a new approach to mosquito control. Chronicle of World Health Organisation 21:18-26.

Laird M, Mogi M, Sota T (1992). Nothernmost occurrences of the protistan pathogen, Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. stegomyiae. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 8:430-432.

Lacey CM, Lacey LA, Roberts DR (1988). Route of invasion and histopathology of Metarhizium anisopliae in Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 52:108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(88)90109-7.

Lee FC (1967). Laboratory observations on certain mosquito larval predators. Mosquito News 27(3):332-338.

Lennox JA, Kalu O, Egbe JG (2016). Screening of bacteria isolated from the environment for the capability to control mosquito larva. African Journal of Bacteriology Research 8:29-34. https://doi.org/10.5897/JBR2016.0203

Linus Früh, Helge Kampen, Günter A. Schaub, Doreen Werner (2019). Predation on the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) by native copepod species in Germany. Journal of Vector Ecology 44(2):241-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12355

Liu H, Cupp EW, Guo A, Liu N (2004a). Insecticide resistance in Alabama and Florida mosquito strains of Aedes albopictus. Journal of Medical Entomology 41:946-952. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.5.946.

Liu H, Cupp EW, Micher KM, Guo A, Liu N (2004b). Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in Alabama and Florida strains of Culex quinquefaciatus. Journal of Medical Entomology 41(3):408-413.

Lord JC, Fukuda T (1990). A Leptolegnia (Saprolegniales) pathogenic for mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 55:130-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(90)90043-6.

Lowe RE, Rumbaugh RG, Patterson RS (1968). Entomophthora coronata as a pathogen of mosquitoes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11:506-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(68)90201-2

Lowe RE, Kennel EW (1972). Pathogenicity of the fungus Entomophthora coronata in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes taeniorhynchus. Mosquito News 32:614-620.

Lundkvist E, Landin J, Jackson M, Svensson C (2003). Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) as predators of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) in field experiments and in laboratory tests of prey preference. Bulletin of Entomology Research 93(3):219-226. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003237.

Lucarotti CJ, Shoulkamy MA (2000). Coelomomyces stegomyiae infection in adult female Aedes aegypti following the first, second, and third host blood meals. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75:292-295. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.2000.4937

Maffi M, Nolan RA (1977). Coelomomyces lairdi, n. sp., a fungal parasite of larvae of the Anopheles (Cellia) punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) from the highlands of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea). Journal of Medical Entomology 14:29-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/14.1.29.

Mahmoud AA (1985). Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis holbrooki as a malaria vector control agent in Gezira irrigation canals of the Sudan. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 1(4):524‐526.

Mandal SK, Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee I, Chandra G (2008). Biocontrol efficiency of odonate nymphs against larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823. Acta Tropica 106:109-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.002.

Manilal A, Thajuddin N, Selvin J, Idhayadhulla A, Kumar SR, Sujith S (2011). In vitro mosquito larvicidal activity of marine algae against the human vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Zoological Research 7:272-278. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2011.272.278.

Maniafu BM, Wilber L, Ndiege IO, Wanjala CCT, Akenga TA (2009). Larvicidal activity of extracts from three Plumbago spp against Anopheles gambiae. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104:813-817. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762009000600002

Mansour SA, Messeha SS, EL-Gengaihi SE (2000). Botanical biocides. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus capitatus constituents. Journal of Natural Toxicology 9:49-62.

Marten GG (1984). Impact of the copepod Mesocyclops leuckarti pilosa and the green alga Kirchneriella irregularis upon larval Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecology 9(1):1-5.

Marten GG (1986a). Mosquito control by plankton management: the potential of indigestible green algae. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89:213-222.

Marten GG (1986b). Indigestible phytoplankton for mosquito control. Parasitology Today 2:150-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90184-5

Marten GG, Borjas G, Cush M, Fernandez E, Reid J Honduras (1994a). Control of Larval Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) by cyclopoid copepods in peridomestic breeding containers. Journal of Medical Entomology 31:36-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/31.1.36

Marten GG, Bordes ES, Nguyen M (1994b). Use of cyclopoid copepods for mosquito control. Hydrobiologia 292/293:491-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229976

Marten G (2007). Larvicidal algae. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 23:177-183. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[177:LA]2.0.CO;2

Marten GG, Reid JW (2007a). Cyclopoid copepods. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 23:65-92. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2

Marten GG, Reid JW (2007b). Cyclopoid copepods. In: Floore TG (Ed). Biorational control of mosquitoes. Bulletin No. 7. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 23(Suppl.):65-92. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2

Marten GG, Thompson G, Nguyen M, Bordes ES (1997). Copepod production and application for mosquito control. New Orleans mosquito control board, New Orleans.

Matasyoh JC, Wathuta EM, Kairuki ST, Chepkorir R, Kavulani J (2008). Aloe plant extracts as alternative larvicides for mosquito control. African Journal of Biotechnology 7:912-915. https://doi.org/10.4314/AJB.V7I7.58574

Michael E, Bundy DAP, Grenfel BT (1996). Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 122:409-428. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066646

Manual of entomological surveillance of vector-borne diseases (1988). Delhi: National Institute of Communicable Diseases.

Mathayan S, Muthukrishnan J, Heleenal GA (1980). Studies on predation on mosquito larvae by the fish Macropodus cupanus. Hydrobiologica 75:255-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006490

Maurya P, Mohan L, Sharma P, Batabyal L, Srivastava CN (2007). Larvicidal efficacy of Aloe barbadensis and Cannabis sativa against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) Entomological Research 37:153-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2007.00105.x

Maurya P, Sharma P, Mohan L, Batabyal L, Srivastava CN (2009). Evaluation of the toxicity of different phytoextracts of Ocimum basilicum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 12:113-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2009.02.004

McInnis Jr. T and Zattau WC (1982). Experimental infection of mosquito larvae by a species of the aquatic fungus Leptolegnia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 39:98-104.

Merritt RW, Craig DA, Walker ED, Vanderploeg HA and Wotton RS (1992). Interfacial feeding behavior and particle flow patterns of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Insect Behaviour 5:741-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01047984

Menon PKB, Rajagopalan PK (1978). Control of mosquito breeding in wells by using Gambusia affinis and Aplocheilus blochii in Pondicherry town. Indian Journal of Medical Research 68:927‐933.

Mietkiewski R, Van der Geest LPS (1985). Notes on entomophthoraceous fungi infecting insects in the Netherlands. Entomologische Berichten 45:190-192.

Minakawa N, Futami1 K, Sonye G, Akweywa P, Kaneko S (2007). Predatory capacity of a shorefly, Ochthera chalybesceens, on malaria vectors. Malaria Journal 6(1):104-108. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-6-104

Miura T and Takahashi R (1988). A laboratory study of predation by damselfly nymphs, Enallagma civile, upon mosquito larvae, Culex tarsalis. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 4(2):129-131.

Mitchell CJ (1976). Coelomomyces psorophorae, an aquatic fungus parasitizing Aedes vexans mosquito larvae in Knox County, Nebraska. Mosquito News 36:501-505.

Mohanty SS, Prakash S (2000). Laboratory evaluation of Trichophyton ajelloi, a fungal pathogen of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 16:254-257.

Mohan L, Sharma P, Shrivastava CN (2006). Evaluation of Solanum xanthocarpum extract as a synergist for cypermethrin against larvae of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Entomology Research 36:220-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2006.00037.x

Mondal RP, Ghosh A, Bandyopadhyay S, Chandra G (2014). Functional response analysis of Anisops sardea (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) against Culex quinquefasciatus in laboratory condition. Indian Journal of Medical Research 140(4):551-555.

Murugesan AG, SatheshPrabu C, Selvakumar C (2009). Biolarvicidal activity of extracellular metabolites of the keratinophilic fungus Folia trichophytonmenta grophytes against larvae of Aedes aegypti– a major vector for chikungunya and dengue. Folia Microbiology 54 (3):213-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-009-0034-5.

Murdoch W, Scott M, Ebsworth P (1984). Effects of the general predator, aotonecta (Hemiptera) upon a freshwater community. Journal of Animal Ecology 53(3):791-808. https://doi.org/10.2307/4660

Muspratt J (1963). Destruction of the larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles by a Coelomomyces fungus. Bulletin of World Health Organization 29:81-86.

Nadeau MP, Boisvert JL (1994). Larvicidal activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on the mosquito Aedes triseriatus and the black fly Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 10:487-491.

Nilsson AN, Soderstrom O (1988). Larval consumption rates, interspecific predation, and local guild composition of egg over wintering Agabus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) species in vernal ponds. Oecologia 76:131-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379611

Nnakumusana ES (1985). Laboratory infection of mosquito larvae by entomopathogenic fungi with particular reference to Aspergillus parasiticus and its effects on fecundity and longevity of mosquitoes exposed to sporal infections in larval stages. Current Science 54:1221-1228.

Nnakumusana ES (1986). Histopathological studies on the progress of infection of Leptolegnia sp (SC-1) in Anopheles gambiae larvae exposed to zoospores in the laboratory. Current Science 55 633-636.

Padgett PD, Focks DA (1981). Prey stage preference of the predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus on Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News 41(1):67-70.

Padua LE, Whisler HC, Gabriel BP, Zebold SL (1986). In vivo culture and life cycle of Coelomomyces stegomyiae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 48:284-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(86)90056-X

Park HW, Bideshi DK, Federici BA (2010). Properties and applied use of the mosquitocidal bacterium, Bacillus sphaericus. Journal of Asian Pacific Entomology 13(3):159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2010.03.002

Peckarsky BL (1980). Predator-prey interactions between stoneflies and mayflies: behavioural observations. Ecology 61:932-943. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936762

Perez CM, Marina CF, Bond JG, Rojas JC, Valle J, Williams T (2007). Spinosad, a naturally-derived insecticide, for control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): efficacy, persistence, and elicited ovipositional response. Journal of Medical Entomology 44:631-638. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/44.4.631

Peterson JJ, Chapman HC, Willis OR (1969). Predation of Anopheles barberi Coquillett on first instar mosquito larvae. Mosquito News 29:134-135.

Pinnock DE, Garcia R, Cubbin CM (1973). Beauveria tenella as a control agent for mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 22:143-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(73)90125-0

Pillai JS, Rakai I (1970). Coelomomyces macleayae Laird, a parasite of Aedes polynesiensis marks in Fiji. Journal of Medical Entomology 7:125-126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/7.1.125

Poopathi S, Tyagi BK (2004). Mosquitocidal toxins of spore forming bacteria: recent advancement. African Journal of Biotechnology 3(12):643-650.

Poopathi S, Tyagi BK (2006). The challenge of mosquito control strategies from primordial to molecular approaches. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

Popelkova I (1982). Coelomomyces from Aedes cinereus and a mosquito iridescent virus of Aedes cantans in Sweden. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40:148-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90046-5

Prabhakar K, Jebanesa A (2004). Larvicidal efficacy of some cucurbitacious plant leaf extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioresource Technology 95:113-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.05.001

Purdy W (1924). Biological investigations of California rice fields and attendant waters with reference to mosquito breeding. Public Health Bulletin 145:1-61.

Quiroz-Martínez H, Rodríguez-Castro A (2007). Aquatic insects as predators of predators of mosquito larvae. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 23(sp2):110-117. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[110:AIAPOM]2.0.CO;2

Raghavendra K, Singh SP, Subbarao SK, Dash AP (2009). Laboratory studies on mosquito larvicidal efficacy of aqueous & hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. Indian Journal of Medical Research 130:74-77.

Rahumana AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Ghouse S, Arumugam S, Himalayan B (2000). Effect of Feronia limonia on mosquito Larvae. Fitoterapia 71:553-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00164-7

Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2007). Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts aginst Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 102:867-873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0839-6

Rajendran JN, Subramanian, Velu RK (2018). Larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringenesis isolated from Bt cotton Rhizosphere soil against Anopheles mosquito larvae (Culicidae). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Clinical Research 11(9):456-462. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.27814

Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A (2005). Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Solanum trilobatum leaf extract against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi. Journal of Insect Science 5:15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/5.1.15

Rajkumar S, Jabansan A (2009). Larvicidal and oviposition activity of Cassia obtusifolia Linn. (Family: Legunminosae) leaf extract against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Listion (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 104:337-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1197-8

Raj Mohan D, Ramaswamy M (2007). Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the leaf extract of a weed plant, Ageratina adenophora, against two important species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. African Journal of Biotechnology 6:631-618.

Ramos HC, Ribeiro H, Novo T, Bizarro J, Easton ER (1996). First record of genus Coelomomyces in Macau (China): Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. stegomyiae parasitizing Aedes albopictus. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 12:507-509.

Ramoska WA, Watts S, Watts HA (1981). Effects of sand formulated Metarhizium anisopliae spores on larvae of three mosquito species. Mosquito News 41:725-728.

Ranasinghe HAK, Amarasinghe LD (2020). Naturally occurring microbiota associated with mosquito breeding habitats and their effects on mosquito larvae. Biomed Resources International 14:4065315. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4065315

Ranathunge T, Abeyewickreme W, Iqbal M, Hapugoda M (2019). Use of cyclopoid copepods for control of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae to prevent re-emergence of malaria in Sri Lanka. Journal of Vector Borne Disease 56:200-206. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.289393

Rao DR, Thangavel C, Kabilan L, Suguna S, Mani TR, Shanmugasundaram S (1999). Larvicidal properties of the cyanobacterium Westiellopsis sp. (blue-green algae) against mosquito vectors. Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93(3):232. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90002-0

Rawani A, Haldar KM, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2009). Larvicidal activities of three plants against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 105:1411-1417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1573-z

Rawani A, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2010). Mosquito larvicidal activities of Solanum nigrum L. leaf extract against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Parasitology Research 107:1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1993-9

Rawani A, Banerjee A, Chandra G (2012). Mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of Polianthes tuberosa plants extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60046-2

Rawani A, Chowdhury N, Ghosh A, Laskar S, Chandra G (2013). Mosquito larvicidal activity of Solanum nigrum berry extracts. Indian Journal of Medical Research 137:972‐976.

Rawani A, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2014). Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 140:102‐108.

Raymond B, Johnston P, Nielsen-Leroux C, Lereclus D, Crickmore N (2010). Bacillus thuringiensis: an impotent pathogen? Trends in Microbiology 18:189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.006

Ravallec M, Riba G, Vey A (1989). Sensibilité d’Aedes albopictus (Dipera: Culicidae) à l’hyhomycète entomopathogène Metarhizium anisopliae. Entomophaga 34:209-217.

Republican Tropical Disease Centre (2008). Evaluation of the efficacy of use of Gambusia fishes in the Anopheles breeding sites with special reference to the rice fields in Tajikistan. Annual Report on Malaria in 2007. January 2008.

Ribeiro H (1992). Coelomomyces angolensis, new species (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae): A fungal parasite of the mosquito Culex guiarti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Angola. African Journal of Medical Entomology 29:30-32.

Ribeiro H, Da Cunha Ramos H (2000). Coelomomyces numularius sp. nov. (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae), a new fungal parasite of Anopheles squamosus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Angola, African Journal of Medical Entomology 37:962-964. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/29.1.30

Riviere RF, Thirel R (1981). Predation of the copepod Mesocyclops leuckartipilosa (Crustacea) on the larvae of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Ae. (St.) polynesiensis (Dip.: Culicidae): preliminary trials of its use as a biological control agent. Entomophaga 26:427-439.

Roa EZ, I Gordon E, Montiel E, Delgado L, Berti J, Ramosi S (2002). Association of Cyclopoid copepods with the habitat of the malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis in the Peninsula of Paria, Venezuela. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 18(l):47-51.

Romi RS, Proietti S, Di Luca M, Cristofaro M (2006). Laboratory evaluation of the bioinsecticide spinosad for mosquito control. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 22:93-96. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[93:LEOTBS]2.0.CO;2

Roberts DW (1974). Fungal infections of mosquitoes. In: Aubin A, Belloncik S, Bourassa JP, La Coursière E, Péllissier M (Eds). Le contrôle des moustiques/Mosquito control. Presses de l’Université du Québec.

Roberts DW, Strand MA (1977). Pathogens of medically important arthropods. Bulletin of World Health Organisation 55(Suppl.1):5-8.

Rodriguez-Castro VA, Quiroz-Martinez H, Solis-Rojas H, Tejada LO (2006). Mass rearing and egg release of Buenoa scimitra Bare as biocontrol of larval Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 22(1):123-125. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[123:MRAERO]2.0.CO;2

Rodrigues AMS, Paula JE, Roblot F, Fournet A, Espíndola LS (2005). Larvicidal activity of Cybistax antisyphilitica against Aedes aegypti larvae. Fitoterapia 76:755-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.015

Rueda LM, Patel KJ, Axtell RC (1990). Efficacy of encapsuled Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae in artificial containers. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 6:694-699.

Russell MC, Qureshi A, Wilson CG, Cator LJ (2021). Size, not temperature, drives cyclopoid copepod predation of invasive mosquito larvae. PLOS One 16:e0246178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246178

Sabatinelli G, Blanchy S, Majori G, Papakay M (1991). Impact of the use of larvivorous fish Poecilia reticulata on the transmission of malaria in FIR of Comoros. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 66(2):84‐88. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/199166284

Sadanandane C, Boopathi Doss PS, Jambulingam P, Zaim M (2009). Efficacy of two formulations of the bioinsecticide spinosad against Culex quinquefasciatus in India. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 25:66-73. https://doi.org/10.2987/08-5807.1

Sadanandane C, Gunasekaran K, Boopathi Doss PS, Jambulingam P (2018). Field evaluation of the biolarvicide, spinosad 20 per cent emulsifiable concentrate in comparison to its 12 per cent suspension concentrate formulation against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis in India. India Journal of Medical Research 147:32-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1369_15

Saha N, Aditya G, Bal A (2007). A comparative study of predation of three aquatic heteropteran bugs on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Limnology 8:73-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-006-0197-6.

Saha N, Kundu M, Saha GK, Aditya G (2020). Alternative prey influences the predation of mosquito larvae by three water bug species (Heteroptera: Nepidae). Limnological Review 20:173-184. https://doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0017.

Sakthivadivel M, Daniel T (2008). Evaluation of certain insecticidal plants for the control of vector mosquitoes viz. Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Applied Entomological and Zoology 43:57-63. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2008.57.

Saxena RC, Dixit OP, Sukumaran P (1992). Laboratory assessment of indigenous plant extracts for anti-juvenile hormone activity in Culex quinquefasciatus. Indian Journal of Medical Research 95:199-204.

Scholte EJ, Knols BG, Samson RA, Takken W (2004). Entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. Journal of Insect Science 4:19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/4.1.19

Sebastian A, Thu MM, Kyaw M, Sein MM (1980). The use of dragonfly nymphs in the control of Aedes aegypti. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health 11(1):104-107.

Sebastian A, Sein MM, Thu MM, Corbet PS (1990). Suppression of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) using augmentative release of dragonfly larvae (Odonata: Libellulidae) with community participation in Yangon, Myanmar. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80:223-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300013468

Sempala SDK (1983). Interactions between immature Aedes africanus (Theobald) and larvae of two predatory Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) in Zika forest, Uganda. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73:19-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300013754

Senthil-Nathan S, Kalaivani K, Sehoon K (2006a). Effects of Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. (Meliaceae) extract on the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresource Technology 97:2077-2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.034.

Senthil Nathan S, Savitha G, George DK, Narmadha A, Suganya L, Chung PG (2006b). Efficacy of Melia azedarach L. extract on the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresource Technology 97:1316-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.019.

Service MW (1977). Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. Journal of Medical Entomology 13:535-545. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.535

Seye F, Faye O, Ndiaye M, Njie E, Afoutou JM (2009). Pathogenicity of the fungus, Aspergillus clavatus, isolated from the locust, Oedaleus senegalensis, against larvae of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Insect Science 9:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5301

Shaalan EAS, Canyonb D, Younesc MWF, Abdel-Wahaba H, Mansoura AH (2005). A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environment International 31:1149-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.003

Shaalan EA, Canyon DV, Reinhold M, Yones WFM, Abdel Wahab H, Mansour A (2007). A mosquito predator survey in Townsville, Australia and an assessment of Diplonychus sp. And Anisops sp. predatorial capacity against Culex annulirostris mosquito immatures. Journal of Vector Ecology 32(1):16-21. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[16:ampsit]2.0.co;2

Sharma VP, Ghosh A (1989). Larvivorous Fishes of Inland Ecosystems. In: Proceedings of the MRC-CICFRI Workshop; 1989 Sep 27-28; New Delhi.

Sharma P, Mohan L, Srivastava CN (2006). Phytoextract-induced developmental deformities in malaria vector. Bioresource Technology 97:1599-1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.024

Sheeren ME (2006). Larvicidal effects of Eucalyptus extracts on the larvae of Culex pipiens mosquito. International Journal of Agricultural Biology 8:896-897.

Shin EH, Park YI, Lee HI, Lee WJ, Shin YH, Shim JC (2003). Insecticide susceptibilities of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae from Paju-shi, Korea. Korean Journal of Entomological Research 33:33-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2003.tb00046.x.

Silva-Filha MHNL, Romão TP, Rezende TMT, Carvalho KDS, Gouveia de Menezes HS, Alexandre do Nascimento N, … Bravo A (2021). Bacterial toxins active against mosquitoes: mode of action and resistance. Toxins (Basel) 13(8):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080523

Singh RK, Dhiman RC, Mittal PK (2006). Mosquito larvicidal properties of Momordica charantia Linn (Family: Cucurbitaceae). Journal of Vector Borne Disease 43:88-91.

Singh RK, Dhiman RC, Mittal PK (2007). Studies on mosquito larvicidal properties of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (family-Myrtaceae). Journal of Communal Disease 39:233-236.

Sivagnaname S, Kalyanasundaram M (2004). Laboratory evaluation of Methanolic extract of Atlanta monophylla (Family: Rutaceae) against immature stage of mosquitoes and non-target organisms. The Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 99:115-118. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762004000100021

Shoulkamy MA, Lucarotti CJ, El-Ktatny MST, Hassan SKM (1997). Factors affecting Coelomomyces stegomyiae infections in adult Aedes aegypti. Mycologica 89:830-836. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761103

Sigler L, Frances SP, Panter C (1987). Culicinomyces bisporalis, a new entomopathogenic hyphomycete from larvae of the mosquito Aedes kochi. Mycologia 79:493-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1987.12025415

Sitaraman NL, Mahadevan S, Swamidas S (1976). Biological control of Anopheles stephensi larvae in wells by Poecilia reticulatus in Greater Hyderabad City, India. Journal of Communal Disease 63(10):1509-1516.

Soarés Jr GG (1982). Pathogenesis of infection by the hyphomycetous fungus Tolyplcladium cylindrosporum in Aedes sierrensis and Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomophaga 27:283-300.

Steinkraus DC, Kramer JP (1987). Susceptibility of sixteen species of Diptera to the fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae). Mycopathology 100:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00769569

Su X, Zou F, Guo Q, Huang J, Chen TX (2001). A report on a mosquito-killing fungus, Pythium carolinianum. Fungal Disease 7:129-133.

Sulaiman S, Jeffery J (1986). The ecology of Aedes aegypti (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in a rubber estate in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76:553-557. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300015066

Soto L, Schaper S, Angulo L, Hernandez F (1999). Costa Rica. Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides y el control biologico de aedes: ejemplo de un plan de accion communitaria en chacarita, punteras. Revista Costarrica Cienca Medical 20:45-50.

Sweeney AW (1978a). The effects of temperature on the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces. Australian Journal of Zoology 26:47-53. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9780047

Sweeney AW (1978b). The effects of salinity on the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces. Australian Journal of Zoology 26:55-59. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9780055

Sweeney AW (1981). An undescribed species of Smittium (Trichomycetes) pathogenic to mosquito larvae in Australia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77:55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(81)80179-9.

Syed Ali MY, Kumar SR, Beula M (2013). Mosquito larvicidal activity of seaweeds extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 3(3):196-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60040-7

Traboulsi AF, Taoubi K, El-Haj S, Bessiere JM, Salma R (2002). Insecticidal properties of essential plant oils against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae). Pest Management Science 58:491-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.486

Udayanga L, Ranathunge T, Iqbal MCM, Abeyewickreme W, Hapugoda M (2019). Predatory efficacy of five locally available copepods on Aedes larvae under laboratory settings: An approach towards bio-control of dengue in Sri Lanka. PLoS One 14(5):e0216140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216140.

Vahitha R, Venkatachalam M, Murugan Kadarkarai, Jebanesan A (2002). Larvicidal efficacy of Pavonia zeylanica L. and Acacia ferruginea D.C. against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Bioresource Technology 82:203-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00175-4

Vanderplank FL (1941). Nothobranchius and Barbus sp: Indigenous antimalarial fish in East Africa. East African Medical Journal 17:431-416.

Venkatesan P, Sivaraman S (1984). Changes in the functional response of instars of Diplonychus indicus Venk. & Rao (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) in its predation of two species of mosquito larvae of varied size. Entomology 9:191-196.

Vu SN, Nguyen TY, Tran VP, Truong UN, Le QM, Le VL, … Kay BH (2005). Elimination of dengue by community programs using mesocyclops (Copepoda) against Aedes aegypti in Central Vietnam. American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene 72(1):67-73.

Vu SN, Yen NT, Duc HM, Tu TC, Thang VT, Le NH, ... Kay BH (2012). Community-based control of Aedes aegypti by using Mesocyclops in southern Vietnam. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86(5):850. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0466

Washino RK (1969). Progress in biological control of mosquitoes in vertebrate and vertebrate predators. Proceeding Paper. The 37th Annual Conference of California Mosquito Control Association 37:16-19.

Wattal S, Adak T, Dhiman RC, Sharma VP (1996). The biology and predatory potential of notonectid bug, Enithares indica (Fabr) against mosquito larvae. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 27(3):633-6.

Weterings R, Veter KC, Umponstira C (2014). Factors Influencing the Predation Rates of Anisops Breddini (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) Feeding on Mosquito Larvae. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 46(3):107-111. https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2014.4036.

Whisler HC, Gabriel PB, Chanpaisaeng J, Zebold SL, Padua LE (1999). Observations on the life cycle of Coelomomyces indicus (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae) in Anopheline mosquitoes from the Philippines and Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology 36:695-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.6.695

World Health Organization (1981). Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides. Geneva: WHO/VBC/81.807.

WHO lymphatic filariasis Fact Sheet (2017). Retrieved 2017 December 25 from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en

WHO Dengue (2009). Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2009. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf.

World Malaria Report (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CCBY-NC-SA 3.0.1GO.

Yadav R, Srivastava VK, Chandra R, Singh A (2002). Larvicidal activity of Latex and stem bark of Euphorbia tirucalli plant on the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Communicable Disease 34:264-269.

Yang YC, Lim MY, Lee HS (2003). Emodin isolated from Cassia obtusifolia (Leguminosae) seed shows larvicidal activity against three mosquito specie. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:7629-7631. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034727t

Yenesew A, Derese S, Midiwo JO, Heydenreich M, Peter MJ (2003). Effect of rotenoids from the seeds of Millettia dura on larvae of Aedes aegypti. Pest Management Science 59:1159-1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.740

Yu IS, Lee JH (1989). Biological control of malaria vector (Anopheles sinensis Wied.) by combined use of larvivorous fish (Aplocheilus latipes) and herbivorous hybrid (Tilapia mossambicus niloticus) in rice paddies of Korea. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 28(4):229‐236.

Zvantsov AB, Kadamov D, Fozilov H (2008). Experiences and prospects of use of larvivorous fishes for control/prevention of malaria in Tajikistan. Copenhagen (Denmark): World Health Organization, 2008.