The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

Authors

  • Iniobong C.I. UGOCHUKWU University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Nsukka (NG)
  • Sunday I. IDOKO University of Abuja, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Abuja (NG)
  • Jacinta N. OMEKE University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Nsukka (NG)
  • Chioma I. ANEKE University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Nsukka (NG)
  • Nuhu A. SANI University of Abuja, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Abuja (NG)
  • Nnenna T. EMEJUO University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Nsukka (NG)
  • Chioma F. IKEM University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nsukka (NG)
  • Emmanuel I. UGOCHUKWU University of Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nsukka (NG)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410526

Keywords:

amantadine HCl; levamisole; mortality; oxytetracycline; peste des petits ruminants

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants poses a major threat to the development of small ruminant production. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative efficacy of amantadine hydrochloride (HCl), oxytetracycline long acting (LA) and levamisole in West African dwarf (WAD) goats experimentally infected with PPR. In addition to the presence of the characteristic clinical signs, complement ELISA and haem agglutination inhibition (HI) tests were used to confirm PPR infection in the West African dwarf goats, then treatment was instituted in the different groups namely, group 1 which was treated with amantadine HCl orally, oxytetracycline LA intramuscularly (IM) and levamisole per os. Group 2 was treated with oxytetracycline LA IM and levamisole. Group 3 was treated with levamisole while group 4 served as untreated control. The physiological parameters namely rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rates of the different groups were recorded. The mortality rates in the different treatment groups were also recorded. The respiratory rates of the WAD goats increased as the infection progressed, but the increase was not significant (P>0.05). The treatment helped reduce the respiratory rates in the treated WAD. The rectal temperatures of all the animals in the different treatment groups increased only slightly as the infection progressed and was not significant (P>0.05). The percentage mortalities were 0% in Group 1, 25% in the Group 2, 50% in the treated group 3 and highest (75%) in the untreated group respectively. In conclusion, incorporation of specific antiviral agents like amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment regimen with oxytetracycline and levamisole particularly during the early stages of the infection can reduce morbidity and mortality of the disease to the barest minimum.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Abu Elzein EM, Hassanien MM, Al-Afaleq AI, AbdElhadi MA, Housawi FM (1990). Isolation of peste des petits ruminants from goats in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Record 127:309-310.

Abubakar MS, Ashiq Z, Hussain M, Hussain SH, Saleha MJ, Arshed, Zahoor AB (2011). Comparison of antigen detection methods of peste des petits ruminants virus in clinical samples of small ruminants. Bulgaria Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14:103-108.

Abubakar M, Irfan M (2014). An overview of treatment options to combat peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Research Journal Veterinary Practise 2(1):4-7.

Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Ali Q (2015b). Evaluating the role of vaccine to combat peste des petits ruminants outbreaks in endemic disease situation. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 57(1):2.

Abubakar M, Irfan, M, Manzoor S (2015a). Peste des petits ruminants in Pakistan; past, present and future perspectives. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 57(1):32.

Ademosun AA (1994). Constraints and prospects for small ruminants’ research and development in Africa. In: Lebbie SHB, Rey B, Irungu EK (Eds). Small ruminants’ research and development in Africa. Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial Conference of the Africa Small Ruminants Research Network, Arusha, 1992. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, Addis Ababa, pp 1–6.

Adu FD, Joannis T (1985). Goat hyper-immune serum for the diagnosis of PPR. Veterinary Record 117(18):472-472.

Allen UD, Aoki FY, Stiver HG (2006). The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: recommended guidelines for practitioners. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17(5):273-284.

Anene BM, Ugochukwu EI, Omamegbe JO (1987). An appraisal of three treatment regimens for pneumoenteritis complex (PPR) in goats. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 35:1-3.

Adombi CM, Lelenta M, Lamien CE, Shamaki D, Koffi YM, Traoré A, ... Diallo A (2011). CV1 cell line expressing the sheep–goat SLAM protein: a highly sensitive cellline for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens. Journal of Virological Methods 173:306-313.

Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H (2014). Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virus Disease 25(1):39-56.

Baron MD, Parida S, Oura CAL (2011). Peste des petits ruminants: a suitable candidate for eradication? Veterinary Records 169:16-21.

Brown CC, Mariner J, Olander HJ (1991). An immunohistochemical study of the pneumonia caused by peste des petits ruminants virus. Veterinary Pathology 28:166-170.

Chauhan HC, Chandel BS, Kher HN, Dadawala AI, Agrawal SM (2009). Peste des petits ruminants virus infection in animals. Veterinary World 2(4):150-155.

Chukwu CC (1987). Cell-mediated immune responses of cattle following Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination and simultaneous administration of levamisole. Microbios Letters 34:2-17.

Das S, Nath R, Balamurugan V, Choudhury R, Devi M (2015). Haematobiochemical analysis of goats naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 2(9):19-24.

Diallo A (2006). Control of peste des petits ruminants and poverty alleviation? Journal of Veterinary Medicine 53:11-13.

Drury R, Wallington E. (1980) Carleton’s histological techniques. 5th ed. Oxford University Press.

Ezeibe MCO, Wosu LO, Erumaka IG (2003). Standardization of the haemagglutination test for peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Small Ruminant Research 51(3):269-272.

FAO (2011). Food and Agriculture Organization. The global rinderpest eradication programme. Progress report on rinderpest eradication: success stories and actions leading to the June 2011 Global Declaration. Retrieved 2019 February 11 from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/documents/AH/GREP_flyer.pdf.

Hardman JG, Limbird LE (2001). The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill (10th ed.), pp 1477.

Islam MS, Khan MSI, Kader HA, Begum MR, Asgar MA (2012). Prevalence of PPR of goat and their response to antibiotic treatment at Mirzaganj Upazila of Patuakhali District. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5(2):181-184.

Jalees MM, Hussain I, Arshad M, Muhammad G, Khan QM, Mahmood MS (2013). Occurrence of peste des petitis ruminants in five districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 33(2):165-169.

Khaskheli AA, Ibrahim Khaskheli MI, Khaskheli A, Khaskheli G, Abro R, Barha GS (2017). Clinical prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease in small ruminants at the urban areas of hyderabad, Sindh. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 13:281-286.

Libeau G, Diallo A, Parida S ( 2014). Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus. Animal Frontiers 4:14-20.

Lombard M, Pastoret PP, Moulin AM (2007). A brief history of vaccines and vaccination. Revue scientifique et technique. International Office of Epizootics 26:29-48.

Mahajan S, Agrawal R, Kumar M, Mohan A, Pande N (2012). Risk of seroconversion to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and its association with species, sex, age and migration, Small Ruminant Research 104:195-200.

Mahmoud MA, Galbat, SA (2017).Outbreak of foot and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants in sheep flock imported for immediate slaughter in Riyadh. Veterinary World 10(2):238- 243.

Manoharan SR, Jayakumar R, Govindarajan Koteeswaran A (2005). Haem agglutination as a confirmatory test for peste des petitsruminants diagnosis. Small Ruminant Research 59(1):75-78.

Mbyuzia AO, Kombab EVG, Kimerab, SI, Kambarage DM (2014). Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petit ruminants and contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats and sheep in the Southern Zone of Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 116:138-144.

Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G (2007). Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clinical Microbiology Review 20:489-510.

Meher M, Afrin M, Hassan Z, Alam J (2017). Epidemiological investigation of peste des petits ruminant’s virus infection in goat with therapeutic management at Beraupazila of Pabna in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture 28(2):114-119.

Narayanan R, Gopu P, Baegan S (2008) Clinical management in an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in Barbari goats. Veterinary World 1(3):81-82.

Nduaka O, Ihemelandu EC (1973). Observations on pneumoenteritis complex in dwarf goats in eastern region of Nigerian-preliminary report. Bulletin of Epizootic Disease in Africa 21:89-98.

Perry BD, Randolph TF, McDermott JJ, Sones KR., Thornton PK (2002). Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

Pope RA, Parida S, Bailey D, Brownlie J, Barrett T, Banyard AC (2013). Early events following experimental infection with peste-des-petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting. PLoS One 8(2):e55830.

FAO (2011). OIE and FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization. The global rinderpest eradication programme. Progress report on rinderpest eradication: success stories and actions leading to the June 2011 Global Declaration. Retrieved 2019 February 11 from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/documents/AH/GREP_flyer.pdf.

Riedel S (2005). Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. In: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 18(1):21-25.

Roeder PL, Obi TU (1999). Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] of the United Nations. Recognizing peste des petits ruminants. Retrieved 2018 July 25 from http://www.fao.org/3/x1703e/x1703e00.htm.

Saliki JT (1998). Peste des petits ruminants. In: US animal health association, committee on foreign animal disease. Foreign animal diseases: the gray book. Ed 6. Part IV. VA: US Animal Health Association. Richmond pp 344-352.

Singh RP, Sreenivasa BP, Dhar LP, Shah C, Bandyopadhyay SK (2004). Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Veterinary Microbiology 98(1):3-15.

Taki HN, Schwartz SA (1994). Levamisole as an immunopotentiator for T cell deficiency. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 16(2):129-137.

Tariq A, Shahzad A (2013). Diagnosis of peste des petits ruminant in 2 year old buck on the basis of clinical signs and haematology. International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research 3(9):51-54.

Taylor WP (1979). Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria. Research in Veterinary Science 26:236-242.

Ugochukwu EI (1983). Haematological observation of goats suffering from natural infection of pneumo-enteritis complex. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 31:337-341.

Ugochukwu ICI, Ugochukwu EI, Chukwu CC (2017a). Therapeutic response of West African dwarf goats infected with peste des petits ruminants whose oral lesions were treated with oxytetracycline long acting and gentian violet topical spray. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases 7(12):771-774.

Ugochukwu IC, Shoyinka SVO, Chineme CN, Chah KF (2017b). Prevalence, histopathological finding and aerobic bacteria flora associated with pneumopathies in goats slaughtered in the Nsukka abattoir. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science 15(4):46-52.

Ugochukwu ICI, Ezeasor CK, Agina OA, Anyogu DC, Chukwudi IC, Idoko SI,Ugochukwu EI (2019). Peste des petits ruminants: aetiology, pathology, immunology, disease status in Africa, diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment: a review. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11(1):12-20.

Undiandeye JU, Oderinde BS, El-Yuguda A, Baba SS (2014). Immunostimulatory effect of levamisole on the immune response of goats to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccination. World Journal of Vaccines 4(2):45852.

Ward JW, Elsea JR (1997). Animal case and use in drug fate and metabolism, methods and techniques. Marcel Deker, Vol 2. New York pp 372-390.

Wosu LO (1989). Management of clinical cases of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease in goats. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin 27(3):357-361.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-24

How to Cite

UGOCHUKWU, I. C., IDOKO, S. I., OMEKE, J. N. ., ANEKE, C. I., SANI, N. A. ., EMEJUO, N. T., IKEM, C. F. ., & UGOCHUKWU, E. I. . (2019). The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 11(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410526

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 4 (2019)

Section

Research articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.15835/nsb11410526

License

Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction. 

License:

  

Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.

 

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Most read articles by the same author(s)