A Simple Key for Identifying the Sibling Species of the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae (Giles) Complex by Polytene Chromosome Cytogenetics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb10110182Keywords:
Anopheles arabiensis; A. gambiae; cytotaxonomy; photomap; polytene chromosome; sensu strictoAbstract
It has been established that Anopheles gambiae complex sibling species are the major Plasmodium malaria vectors in Africa; however, not all the sibling species transmit the infection. Easier molecular methods, PCR-based assays, have been developed to distinguish the several members of the A. gambiae complex. However, malaria vector research in less developed countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, is being hampered by the lack of PCR facilities in laboratories and the cost of carrying out the assay within lack of funding. Hence, the present study was designed to develop a simple identification key, based on an affordable method of polytene chromosome cytotaxonomy, for identifying the major P. falciparum vectors. The Identification Key was successfully used to identify two members of the A. gambiae complex, A. gambiae sensu stricto and A. arabiensis, which are the most potent malaria vectors in Africa; even so, it could not be used to establish the infective and the refractory strains.
Metrics
References
Accuscope Inc. (2011). Accusope microscope user’s guide. www.accuscope.com.
Alvaro M, Randall JD, Corrie O, Ashley H, Ekua A, Janneth R, Giovanna J, Carolina B (2012). Some strains of Plasmodium falciparum, a human malaria parasite, evade the complement-like system of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Forest Ecology and Management 267:297-308.
Annon (2003). Africa malaria reports. Executive summary. Retrieved on 2014 January 10 from http://www.who.int.
Benedict MQ (2014). Methods in Anopheles Research (4th ed). CDC, Atlanta USA.
Besansky NJ, Collins FH, Townson H (2006). A species-specific PCR for the identification of the malaria vector Anopheles bwambae. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100:277-280.
Boreha PE, Lenahan JK Boulzaquet R, Storey J, Ashkar TS, Nambiar R, Matsushima T (1979). Studies on multiple feeding by Anopheles gambiae s. l. in a Sudan savannah area of northern Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73: 418-423.
Chris MC, April MC, George D (2011). Low- and high-tech approaches to control Plasmodium parasite transmission by Anopheles Mosquitoes. Journal of Tropical Medicine 891342:6.
Clements AN (1992). The biology of mosquitoes: Development, nutrition and reproduction. Chapman & Hall, London.
Coetzee M, Hunt RH, Wilkerson R, della Torre A, Coulibaly MB, Besansky N (2013). Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Zootaxa 3619(2):246-274.
Collins FH, Sakaim RK, Vernick KD, Paskewitz S, Seeley DC, Miller LH, Collins WE, Campbell CC, Gwadz RW (1986). Genetic selection of a Plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Science 234:607-610.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA (1979). Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73(5):483-497.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Della Torre A, Di Deco MA, Petrarca V (2002). A polytene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Science 298:1415-1418.
Cornel A (2007). Methods in Anopheles research. Pp 277.
Davidson L (2000). Malaria. The Horn Newspaper Nigeria, LT Publication pp 11-14.
De Meillon B (1947). The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Publication of South African Institute for Medical Research 10(49):1-272.
Evans AM (1938). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. II. (British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 9(1):59-65.
Fettene M, Temu EA (2003). Species-specific primer for identification of Anopheles quadriannulatus sp. B (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Medical Entomology 40:112-115.
Fontenille D, Simard F (2004). Unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in Africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 27(5):357-375.
George P, Sharakhova MV, Sharakhov IV (2010). High-resolution cytogenetic map for the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Insect Molecular Biology 19(5):675-682.
Gilles MT, Coetzee MA (1987). A supplement to the anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afro Tropical Region). In: Publications of the South African Institute for Medical research. Johannesburg, pp 55.
Gillies M, deMeillon B (1968). The anophelinae of Africa south of Sahara (Ethiopian zoogeographical region). The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region).
Gregory CL, Yoosook L (2013). Speciation in Anopheles gambiae - The distribution of genetic polymorphism and patterns of reproductive isolation among natural populations. and patterns of reproductive isolation among natural populations. In: Anopheles mosquitoes-New insights into malaria vectors. InTech. Retrieved on 2015 June 05 from http ://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56232.
Hamon J, Adam JP (1963). In Russell, West, Manwell and Macdonald: Practical malariology. Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, appendix 3:660.
Harbach R (2003). Mosquito taxonomic inventory. Retrieved on 2014 November 12 from http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info/. Available from: http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info/sites /mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.infofiles/Anopheles%20classifi cation_25.pdf.
Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Kabaria CW, Manh BH, Elyazar IR, Brooker S, Smith DL, Moyeed RA, Snow RW (2009). A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Medicine. 6(3):e1000048.
Hay SI, Guerra CA, Tatem AJ, Atkinson PM, Snow RW (2005). Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3(1):81-90.
Hayes RO (1953). Determination of a physiological saline solution for Aedes aegypti (L.). Journal of Economic Entomology 46:624-627.
Hoffman SL, Franke ED, Hollingdale MR, Druilhe P (1996). Attacking the infected hepatocyte. In Malaria vaccine development: A multi-immune response approach (ed. S. L. Hoffman), Washington, DC: ASM Press pp 35-75.
Holt RA , Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P et al. (2002). The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science 298:129-149.
Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Fettene M (1998). The Anopheles gambiae complex: a new species from Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92(2):231-235.
Julián FH (2010). Mosquito immunity. Invertebrate immunity, edited by Kenneth Söderhäll. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science + Business Media 12:218-232.
Macromedia Inc. (2005). www.Macromedia.org.
Miller SA, Marley JP (1999). Zoology, 4th ed. WMC Brown Publishers, Debuque Lowa Melbourne, Australia pp 251-253.
Ndiath MO, Cohuet A, Gaye A, Konate L, Mazenot C, Faye O, Boudin C, Sokhna C, Trape J (2011). Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Malaria Journal 10:269.
Nonstrand V (1978). Malaria in scientific encyclopedia. 6th Edition Van Nonstrand Reinhold Company pp 1812-1813.
Noutcha MAE, Anumdua CI (2009). Entomological indices of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato at a rural community in south-west Nigeria. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 46:43-51.
Obembe MT, Awopetu JI (2014). Sporozoite rate and identification of the infective and refractory species of Anopheles gambiae (Giles) complex in southwestern Nigeria. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6(4):407-413.
Okwa OO, Akinmolayan FI, Carter V, Hurd H (2008). Transmission dynamics of malaria in four selected ecological zones of Nigeria in the rainy season. Annals of African Medicine 8(1):1-9.
Okwa OO, Carter V, Hurd H (2006). Abundances, host preferences and infectivity rates of malaria vectors in Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 27:41-48.
Okwa OO, Rasheed A, Adeyemi A, Omoyeni M, Oni L, Fayemi A, Ogunwomoju A (2007). Anopheles species abundances, composition and vectoral competence in six areas of Lagos: Nigeria. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 1(2):019-023.
Onyabe DY, Conn JE (2001). Population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis across Nigeria suggests range expansion. Molecular Ecology 10:2577-2591.
Osta MA, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC (2004). Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development. Science 303:20300-2032.
Oyewole IO, Ibidapo CA, Okwa OO, Oduola AO, Adeoye GO, Okoh HI, Awolola TS (2010). Species composition and role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in malaria transmission along Badagry Axis of Lagos Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Insect Science 2:51-57.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH (1993). Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49:520-529.
Service MW (1980). A guide to medical entomology. Macmillan Press Limited, London.
Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Okara RM, Boeckel TV, Godfray HCJ, Harbach RE, Hay SI (2010). The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasites and Vectors 3:117.
White GB (1985). Anopheles bwambae sp.n, a malaria vector in the Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationships with other sibling species of the A. gambiae complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Systematic Entomology 10(4):501-522.
White GB (1974). Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68:278-298.
WHO (1975). Manual on practical entomology in malaria. Part II. In. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2013). Malaria, manual and Guide Book. Retrieved on 2014 January 15 from http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria.
Wilkins EE, Howell PI, Benedict MQ (2006). IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis. Malaria Journal 5:125.
World Health Organization, WHO (1993). A Global Strategy for Malaria Control. WHO, Geneva. Retrieved on 2014 March 13 http://whqlibdoc. who.int/ publications/9241561610.pdf.
World Health Organization, WHO (1997). Mosquitoes and other biting Diptera, Chapter 1. Retrieved on 2014 October 15 from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector007to28.pdf.
World Health Organization, WHO (2009). World Malaria Report, 1p. Retrieved on 2015 May 10 from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241563901_eng.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
.png)
